NGC 2392 (Eskimo Nebula)

NGC 2392 also known as Caldwell 39, the clown face nebula and the eskimo nebula lies 3,000 light years away from Earth, located in the constellation of Gemini. A dying star sits at the center of the gas cloud, ejecting it's outlayers into the cosmos. The outer ring surrounding the dying star is made up of comet like structures which have streams of gas flowing from them, created by stellar winds coming from the central star. NGC 2392 was first discovered by William Herschel in England on the 17th of January 1787.

The image above was captured by the Hubble Space Telescope.

Pillars of Creation

The image above is composed of 32 sepearate images collected from the Hubble space telescope.

Located 8,000 light years away from earth in the eagle nebula, the pillars of creation are estimated to be between 3-4 million light years in length. The star forming pillars are made up mostly of dust and Hydrogen, the gas within the pillars are literally evarporating away due to the surrounding heat radiating from nearby stars. Some theorists speculate that the pillars may have been struck by a shockwave from a supernova almost 7,000 years ago. Because light travels at a "constant" speed, we won't see the destruction of the pillars for another 1,000 years. Other theorists state that stronger volumes of x-ray and radio radiation would have been measurable if the pillars had indeed been struck by a shockwave, but this is not the case.

Pacman Nebula ( NGC 281)

NGC 281 ( PacMan nebula ) is located in the constellation of Cassiopeia, 10,000 light years away from Earth. NGC 281 has a diameter, roughly spanning to around 90 light years in length.
NGC 281 is made up of a open star cluster which contains a few thousand stars, the multiple star HD5005 and dense clouds of cosmic dust and gas called Bok Globules. It is the luminosity of the stars within the nebula that cause the gases to glow, which can be seen in the image above.

The nebula was discovered by E.E Barnard in August 1883.

Bara Gumbad

Bara Gumbad is a historic monument situated in Delhi, India in Lodhi gardens. The monument is thought to have been constructed in around 1490CE. The exact purpose for the construction of the monument is unkown and still remains a mystery to this date. Bara Gumbad is 95ft high, 66ft wide and 66ft long. The monument is assembled of red, black, grey quartzite and sandstone. The interior of the monument is made up of various forms of artwork, colored tiles and elaborat carvings and inscriptions.

The Hour Glass Nebula

Image was took from the Hubble Space Telescope.

The Hour Glass Nebula is a planetary nebula, located 8,000 light years away from Earth, in a small constellation named Musca. A planetary nebula is a giant cloud of gas formed from a Sun-like star undergoing the last stages of its life. 

Near A Star's death, it blasts away its outer layers, leaving the stars dense core behind emitting ultra violet light, which ionises the gases around the star, causing the gases to glow. Different colours within the photo tells us about certain elements that are present. The red colours tells us that Nitrogen is present, the green colour tells us that Hydrogen is present and the blue colour tells us that Oxygen is present. The star's dense core will eventually cool down to the point where the forces of gravity will push it together to create a White Dwarf. 

The Pinwheel Galaxy

M101 also known as the Pinwheel Galaxy, is a giant spiral disk, made up of stars, dust and gas located 23 million light years away from Earth, in the constellation of Ursa Major. The galaxy is 170,000 light years across in diameter, has a mass of around 110 billion solar masses with a black hole around 30 solar masses sitting at its centre .The galaxy holds giant molecular hydrogen clouds, which pull together under their own gravitational force, which in turn creates stars. The Pin wheel is home to over 1 trillion stars, with roughly 100 billion of these stars being very similar to our own Sun.

The photo above is the most detailed image of a spiral galaxy that Hubble has ever captured. The image is composed of 51 individual Hubble exposures. The shape of the galaxy is formed due to gravitational forces and stellar winds. The blue areas in the image are regions where new stars have formed, whilst the bright centre of M101 holds very old stars.

Veil nebula supernova remnant.

The image above shows the Veil nebulae supernova remnant, took from NASA's Hubble Telescope. The image is composed of 6 separate images, each image covers a distance of 2 light years. When all 6 images are put together it reveals this stunning view from the remains of a massive star, that exploded over 8,000 years ago. That star had a mass 20 times larger than that of our own sun. Different gases are contained within the remnant and are shown in different colours to create the image. The red/ orange colours tell us that Hydrogen is present, the green colours tell us that Sulphur is present and the blue colours tells us that Oxygen is present.

Teotihuacan - The city of the Gods.

Pyramid of the Moon

Pyramid of the Sun to the left, Avenue of the Dead to the right.

The temple of Quetzalcoatl

The image's above show the ruins of Teotihuacan, located 30 miles away from mexico city  Some theorists believe that it was the greatest city of its time.

The city was designed and built with long avenues and huge pyramids. The most central avenue in the city was named the street of the dead. The two largest pyramids where built of stone and named after celestial objects. One pyramid being named the pyramid of the Sun, the other was named the pyramid of the Moon.
The city was made up of 3 major pyramids with 200 smaller pyramids scattered across the city. Construction of the city started around the 1st century A.D. In 450 A.D almost 150,00 people lived there. The city stretches out nearly 20 miles, making it one of the ancient worlds largest cities.

After centuries of dominance the city suddenly collapsed, Its inhabitants left us with no documents or scripts to let us know what happened. The only things left behind where the monuments, artefacts and a few graves

The original people of the land we call the Teotihuacons, would be constantly repairing and re plastering the walls of the pyramids with lime plaster. Lime plaster is made by firstly burning limestone into a powder and mixing it with water. During the process of making lime plaster the limestone had to be heated to extreme temperatures in a stove by burning wood. A lot of wood would have been used to keep many stoves cooking the lime concoction at a steady heat, at around 800 degrees for 8 hours. Luckily for the Teotihuacanos the city was surrounded by dense forests, so finding wood to heat up the stoves was no problem. That was until they started using it all up. It's estimated that 30,000 tons of wood each year was used to maintain the plaster and pyramids within the city. That is roughly 3,000 acres of forest a year being destroyed over centuries. The forest would eventually never recover from this destruction, backfiring on the Teotihuacons significantly depleting their farm productivity dramatically. Theorists believe that Teotihuacan got so big and demanding that it simply couldn't maintain itself, causing the people of the land to migrate elsewhere, leaving Teotihuacan abandoned. Other theories suggest that Teotihuacan was burnt down after some sort of uprising or revolution occurred amongst the people within the city.

Some people confuse the Teotihuacons with the Aztec's who lived hundred of miles away from Teotihuacan. Some archaeologist believe that the Aztec's may have descended from the Teotihuacons. It was the Aztec's who discovered the site, 700 years after it was abandoned, and brought it into their culture. The Aztec's where blown away with the site, stating that, it was at this site where the Gods created the Universe, thus naming the site Teotihuacan, meaning "birthplace of the Gods".

The Orion complex.

The Orion complex (Orion Molecular Cloud Complex), is located in the constellation of Orion, roughly 1,600 light years away from Earth, estimated to be hundreds of light years across in size. The cloud is made up of different nebulae such as, dark nebulae, emission nebulae and reflection nebulae. These different nebulae have different characteristics, but they are fundamentally made up of vast amounts of gas, dust and a huge number of stars. The complex can be separated into different areas, with the Great Nebula in Orion seen near the centre of the image, the belt of Orion sits above it, whilst Barnard's Loop arcs around the left hand side of the image. Some parts of the complex can be seen through binoculars or with a telescope, but some parts can also be seen with the naked eye.

The Tadpole Galaxy

The Galaxy is a barred spiral galaxy located 420 million light years from Earth, near the constellation Draco. The tail of the galaxy is about 280,000 light-years long, containing stars and massive bright blue star clusters. It is said that a galaxy crossed in front of the Tadpole Galaxy, and was thrown around  the Tadpole due to their gravitational attraction. Which in effect, left behind this trail of stars. 

World's tallest buildings recorded in 1884.

George.F.Cram owned Americas largest map business in 1869, which went on to become the first American business to produced the world Atlas. George was also responsible for creating the diagram seen above which describes the highest buildings in the world in 1884. George was born in 1842 and died in 1928.




KEY FOR MASONRY WORK:

Red colour = Brick
White colour = Stone
Pink colour = Granite
Purple colour = Bronze, Copper or Lead
Yellow colour = Gold

1	Porcelain Tower	Nankin	China	200
2	St. George's Hall	Liverpool	England	85
3	Tomb of Teodoric	Ravenna	Italy	50
4	Chichester Cathedral	Chichester	England	271
5	Victoria Tower	Westminster	England	331
6	Boston Church	Boston	England	292
7	Taj Mahal	Agra	India	220
8	York Cathedral	York	England	198
9	Temple of Bacchus	Teos	Lebanon	50
10	Alexandrian Column	St. Petersborough	Russia	154
11	Column of July	Paris	France	154
12	Torre Asinelli	Bologna	Italy	370
13	Bell Tower, St. Mark's	Venice	Italy	323
14	Colosseum	Rome	Italy	157
15	Friburg Cathedral	Freiburg	Germany	385
16	Temple of the Sun	Baalbec	Lebanon	120
17	Temple of the Ilissus	Athens	Greece	25
18	Erechtheium	Athens	Greece	35
19	Chartrea Cathedral	Chartres	France	403
20	Church of St. Genevieve	Paris	France	274
21	The Monument	London	England	202
22	Amiens Cathedral	Amiens	France	383
23	Church of St. Theobald	Thann	France	320
24	Royal Albert Hall	London	England	154
25	St. Stephen's Cathedral	Vienna	Austria	441
26	Torazzo of Cremona	Cremona	Italy	396
27	Hotel des Invalides	Paris	France	310
28	Temple of the Giants	Agrigentum	Italy	116
29	Parthenon	Athens	Greece	66
30	Second Pyramid	Giza	Egypt	447
31	Rouen Cathedral	Rouen	France	460
32	Strasburg Cathedral	Strasbourg	France	468
33	Eleanor Cross	Waltham	England	50
34	Cologne Cathedral	Cologne	Germany	510
35	Great Pyramid	Giza	Egypt	460
36	St. Peter's	Rome	Italy	448
37	St. Paul's	London	England	360
38	Albert Memorial	London	England	180
39	Obelisk	Luxor	Egypt	75
39	Prophylon	Luxor	Egypt	70
40	Bow Church	London	England	235
41	Cleopatra's Needle		Egypt	68
42	Old St. Paul's	London	England	508
43	Church of St. Mary	Lubeck	Germany	400
44	Abbey of St. Stephen	Caen	France	400
45	Church of St. Martin	Landshut	Germany	460
46	The Baptistry	Pisa	Italy	190
47	Tomb at Mylasa	Caria	Greece	50
48	Church of St. Peter	Hamburg	Germany	380
49	Obelisk in Piazza di San Giovanna in Laterano	Rome	Italy	153
50	Antwerp Cathedral	Antwerp	Belgium	403
51	"Bell Harry" Tower	Canterbury	England	235
52	Tower of the Winds	Athens	Greece	45
53	The Cahedral	Florence	Italy	376
54	Hotel de Ville	Brussels	Belgium	374
55	Mosque of St. Sophia	Constantinople	Turkey	182
56	Pantheon	Rome	Italy	143
57	Chapel of St. Pietro Montorio	Rome	Italy	40
58	Choriagic Monument of Lysicrates	Athens	Greece	34
59	Salisbury Cathedral	Salisbury	England	404
60	Trajan Column	Rome	Italy	134
61	Cathedral	Frankfort-on-Main	Germany	326
62	Pyramid of Mycirinus	Giza Plateau	Egypt	218
63	Church of St. Nicholas	Newcastle-on-Tyne	England	201
64	Temple of Jupiter Stator	Rome	Italy	98
65	Mechlin Cathedral	Mechlin	Belgium	319
66	Bell Tower	Florence	Italy	266
67	Tomb of Absolom	Jerusalem	Israel	54
68	Norwich Cathedral	Norwich	England	309
69	Leaning Tower	Pisa	Italy	188
70	Pompey's Pillar	Alexandria	Egypt	100
71	Church of St. Isaac	St. Peterborough	Russia	336
72	Central Spire	Lichfield	England	253
72	Western Spire	Lichfield	England	192
73	Arch of Constantine	Rome	Italy	70
74	Tower of Ivan Veliki	Moscow	Russia	260
75	Central Transept, Crystal Palace	London	England	198
76	Science Schools, South Kensington	London	England	110
77	Temple of Vesta	Tivoli	Italy	55
78	Washington Monument	Washington D.C.	United States	555

10 mind blowing images Space has to offer.

10.The Omega Nebula

Also known as the Horse Shoe Nebula, standing around 15 light-years in diameter found between 5,000 and 6,000 light years from earth. The super heated stars within the Nebula release radiation and ultra violet light which energises the gases within the cloud causing them to glow. The Omega Nebula is said to be one of the brightest and largest star forming regions of our Galaxy.

9.The Tarantula Nebula.

The Tarantula Nebula. Floats around at a colossal 3,800 trillion miles in diameter. It is known to be the most active star forming region within the local group of Galaxies. At the nebulas core lies a cluster of stars 35 light years in diameter which delivers most of the energy which makes the nebula visible.

8.The Emission Nebula.

Also known as the Cone Nebula. The shape of the nebula is formed due the brightest star near the top of the image producing radiation and ultra violet light thus ionizing the Hydrogen Gas creating this red mist. It is approximately 7 light years long and around 2,700 light years away from Earth. The image was captured by the Hubble Space Telescope in 1997.

7.The Horse Head Nebula.

The Horse Head Nebula is around 1,500 light years away from Earth. The nebula is situated on Orion's Belt. The cloud contains organic and inorganic gases made up of complex molecules as well as Hydrogen. The Hydrogen gas is ionized by a bright star that sits nearby called Sigma Orionis which produces a pinkish glow.

6.The Sombrero Galaxy.

The Sombrero Galaxy located 28 million light years from earth but visible with amateur telescopes. With circular dust lanes and a bright nucleus powered by a super massive black hole it is said to be the brightest Galaxy within the Milky Way.

5.The Crab Nebula

The Crab Nebula is simply the aftermath of a huge supernova. At the centre of the nebula lies a neutron star about 30 km in diameter which emits radiation and gamma rays energising the gases within the cloud. The nebula has a diameter of around 11 light years and is roughly 6,500 light years from Earth.

4.Merging Galaxies

The picture above shows two Galaxies being pulled together, causing them to colliding with each other. This is called a Galaxy Merger and is known to be the most violent type of interaction that a Galaxy can endure. The friction of dust and gas between the Galaxies determines its final structure.

3. Ultra deep field view of Space through the Hubble Space Telescope.

You are looking back roughly around 13 billion years in time, between 400 and 800 million years after the Big Bang. The Hubble Telescope was left to focus on a specific patch of space from the 24th of September 2003 to the 16th of January 2004. It collected data in between this time bringing back this image which is said to contain over 10,000 Galaxies.

2.Planet Earth

Planet earth. The planet alone sits like a grain of sand, buried within our vast Universe. This Still doesn't compare to how small Planet Earth really is sitting within the dark abyss of Space.

1.The Sun.

The Sun. Sits roughly 93 million miles away from Earth. Boiling away like a huge ball of plasma. Yet this Star has enhanced life on our planet from the minute it was born. If the Sun was a touch out of place life on planet Earth would not exist.

5 Inventions that shape the way we live.

5.The Compass

Originally invented in China between the 2nd century BC and the 1st century, the first compasses where made of suspend-able pieces of magnetised iron ore. The freely suspended iron ore would always point to the magnetic poles helping people to navigate and pin point there location. 

4.The Telephone.

In 1831 Michael Faraday came up with the basic principles in communicating with telephones but in 1861, Johann Reis a German inventor who built a system that converted sound into a series of electrical impulses at different frequencies then converted the electrical impulses back,creating sound. Around 1876 Alexander Bell experimented with the idea which is now known as the telephone. Alexander started his telephone company called Bell Telephone Company and developed mobile technology in 1924 manipulating it until cells would be put in mobile phones around 1983, creating a steady communication link between people using them.

3.The Internet.

The internet is simply a Huge global networking system connecting thousand even millions of smaller networks together. The internet model was formed in 1973 American computer scientist, Vinton Cerf. The design of the internet was complete in 1973 and published in 1974. People using the internet peaked to over 25 million by 1996. The internet has truly revolutionised the world, allowing us to bring a endless vault of knowledge straight to our front door.

2.The Light Bulb.

The inventor of the first electrical light was a English man called Humphry Davy, whilst the man credited for inventing the light bulb is Thomas Edison. In 1987 Edison created a bulb with a carbon filament contained in a oxygen free glass bulb that would not expire for over 1,500 hours. William David Coolidge was the man who mastered the design to the light bulb by changing the carbon filament to a tungsten filament, the bulb would last much longer.

1.Penicillin

Discovered by Scottish scientist Alexander Fleming in 1928. Alexander said he came across the mould when a Petri dish had been left unattended nearby a open window. Growth of some sort had formed on the open dish which just happened to be penicillin. Our understanding of the mould grew significantly and is vastly used around the world to help fight off negative bacteria that affects our body.